USAGE OF PARTICLES

Usage Of Particles

は [ha/wa]
topic marker
contrast


が [ga]
Subject marker(newly introduce topic)
With question words
Emphasize
Instead of “o” (desire,like,dislike,potential,fear,envy.etc)
In subordinate clause


で [de]
place of action( “in” “at” “on” )
means( “by” “with” “by means of” )
totalizing(zembu de ikura desuka)
scope(“among” “within” )
time limit(“within” “in” )
material
required cost (“for” “at” )
cause


に [ni]
indirect object marker(usually procedes a direct object)
location of existence (~ni arimasu ~ni imasu)
direct contract (koko ni namae wo kaette kudasai)
direction (“to”) destination
purpose (eiga wo mini itta)
specific time (“at” “on” “in”)
Ex haji ji ni ie wo demau
source(source of passive and causative verbs
Ex. Haha ni shikarareta
notion of per(used with frequency expression such as per hour,per day, person etc
Ex.isshukan ni 30jikan hatarakimasu


と [to]
complete listing (“and”) connects noun & pronoun
Ex. Kutsu to boshi wo katta
contrast
Ex. Inu to neko dochira ga suki?
accompaniment (“together” “with”)
change results (indicates that something reaches a goal or new state)
(~to naru--)
quotation (iu to. Omou to kiku to)
Ex. Kare wa asu kuruto itta
conditional(“as soon as” “when” “if”)
Ex.shigoto ga owaruto sugu uchi e kaetta
sound symbolism(onomatopoeic adverb)
Ex, hoshi ga kira kira to kagayaite iru
Kanojo wa ira irato suru


を [wo]
place after noun and before verb(noun is direct object)
Ex eiga wo mimasu
route of motiontsugi no kado magatte kudasai
Point of departure
Ex. Ie wo demasu


の [no]
possesive marker (apostrophe’s (‘s)
noun modification
Ex. Nihongo no juugyo wa tanoshii desu
apposition(links the noun to the appositive that follows)
Ex. Tomodachi no keiko san desu


か [ka]
make a sentence into a question(with high notation)


か な [ka na]
(I wonder)


かしら [kashira]
(I wonder…) used by women


な [na]
1-prohibition ( negative imperative used only men
2-casual emphasis decision, suggestion, opinion
Ex. Kyo no benkyo ikitakunai na


なあ [naa]
Express emotion, wishful thinking
Ex.sugoi naa!
Moo sukoshi nete itai naa


ね/ねえ [ne/nee]
( don’t you think so?, isn’t? right


の [no]
1-indicates explanation or emotive emphasis used only by woman or
Children in informal situation
2-make a sentence into a question
Ex. Doushitano?


さ [sa]
Emphasizes the sentence used by men


わ [wa]
Emphatic function, softening effect used by woman only


よ [yo]
1-emphasizes a command
Ex. benkyoushinasai yo!
2-indicates moderate emphasis, new piece of information
Ex.ano eiga sugoku yokkata yo!
Kore oishii yo!


ぜ [ze]
elicits an agreement used by men in casual conversation among colleagues
or with Social status below that of the speaker
Ex. Nomi ni ikou ze


ぞ [zo]
emphasis one’s opinion or judgement used by men
Ex. kore wa omoi zo!